NBEO Physiological Optics Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What is the Major Reference Pupil (MRP)?
• Steepening the GP base curve by 0.2 mm results in approximately how much change in lens power (magnitude)?
• If one eye has BU prism and the other eye has BD prism, should you add or subtract for vertical imbalances?
• What is the equation for Far Point as given in the material?
• In thick-lens calculations, what does Dv denote?
• What is the Snellen acuity corresponding to 1 M at 40 cm?
• Slab off is a technique used to correct for vertical imbalance by adding _____ prism to the more minus lens.
• If a rigid gas-permeable lens is fitted steeper than the corneal curvature, the lacrimal lens power is which sign?
• The elimination of chromatic aberration by combining a positive lens of one material with a negative lens of another material is called what?
• Front surface toric lenses are indicated when corneal cylinder is less than 2.50D and residual astigmatism is greater than 0.75D.
• What is the formula for the total magnification of a stand magnifier?
• Does the stimulus to accommodate increase or decrease as working distance decreases?
• Which telescope provides a brighter image?
• Which aberration is described by field curvature causing focal shift across the image plane?
• If a GP lens has an anterior center of gravity, which effect is most likely?
• Under low light conditions, do patients typically become more hyperopic or more myopic?
• What is the approximate index of refraction and abbe value for CR-39 (Plastic)?
• The ____________ Surface is the image surface created by a system with no radial astigmatism.
• In a myopic patient, is the proximal point closer when using glasses or contact lenses?
• Which device can be used to help determine if a GP lens is experiencing flexure?
• Can the duochrome test be used in patients with red-green color deficiencies?
• What is the lacrimal lens power of a -4.00 sph soft contact lens? (repeated question variant)
• Low vision patients that require a high ADD power will often utilize which prism to reduce the demand on convergence?
• For a patient with <2.50D corneal cylinder and >0.75D residual astigmatism, which GP lens type should be used?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between Abbe value and chromatic aberration?
• In lensometry, if the target is moved away from the observer, the displacement x is assigned which sign?
• The Duochrome test relies on which optical phenomenon to refine the spherical component?
• Will increasing the pantoscopic tilt of spectacles raise or lower the bifocal seg height?
• In the Reduced Eye model, what is the cornea to anterior focal point distance according to Knapp's law?
• Which hard lens material had a DK value of 0 and is no longer used today?
• For a FT 28 bifocal, the distance between the optical center and the edge used to calculate image jump is?
• In the telescope magnification formula M = -Doc/Dobj, what does the negative sign indicate?
• Flattening the GP base curve by 0.3 mm requires adding approximately how much power?
• Progressive lenses described as having a long corridor and/or a low add power are classified as which design?
• Does increasing the OZD of a CL lens result in a steeper or flatter fit?
• In terms of Abbe values, which pair of crown glass and CR-39 is known to have relatively high values compared with polycarbonate?
• Which of the following best describes the interocular ametropia when one eye is hyperopic and the other is myopic?
• Which GP design functioned more similarly to a progressive lens?
• The term Punctum Proximum refers to which optical landmark?
• Which of the following is NOT true when comparing a Center fit vs Bioptic fit spectacle mounted telescope?
• For a Round seg (Ex Kryptok) bifocal used to calculate image jump, the distance between the optical center and the edge is referred to as which term?
• Which contrast sensitivity chart is organized in triplets of varying contrast?
• The image position shifts toward which part of the prism: apex or base?
• If a seg height appears too low on a patient, should you increase or decrease the vertex distance?
• Which of the following is NOT included in a high velocity impact test according to ANSI Z87.1?
• Which statement best describes silicone hydrogel lens Dk for high water content?
• What is the formula for longitudinal chromatic aberration?
• Which modality forms a real, inverted image?
• Using Kestenbaum's rule, which ADD is recommended for a distance VA of 20/200 when the goal is 20/20?
• If a patient has 4 degrees of visual field loss, approximately how many prism diopters would be prescribed?
• In hyperopes, when correcting with spectacles, the induced prism tends to be in which direction?
• What is the magnification of a +4.00D reading cap at a standard working distance of 25 cm?
• If ED = 50 mm and decentration per lens d = 1 mm, what is the minimum blank size?
• What standard working distance is commonly assumed when calculating reading cap magnification with a +4.00 D reading cap?
• Which aberration type is most directly associated with oblique rays hitting at oblique angles?
• Varying image size is more associated with which type of chromatic aberration?
• In the equation M = uF, what does u represent?
• Which design can be used to compensate for spherical aberration in high powered lenses by modifying the surface without changing the power?
• Which telescope is typically longer and heavier?
• Does a reverse telescope magnify or minify objects?
• Which condition can occur both on the eye and off the eye?
• Which telescope provides a larger field of view?
• Which term is defined as Distance PD minus Near PD/2?
• Which statement best describes the relation between central thickness and flexure in GP lenses?
• For an interpalpebral GP lens fit, should you use a smaller or larger OAD?
• Which magnification compares the ratio of the original retinal image size to the retinal image size when the object is viewed through an optical system?
• For a patient with a visual acuity of 20/200, which lens power is MOST appropriate?
• What standard working distance is assumed when calculating stand magnifier magnification?
• Orthoscopic doublet lenses are known to minimize which type of spherical aberration?
• In the United States, a patient is legally blind if they cannot see any letters on which line of an acuity chart with the better seeing eye?
• If the red image is clearer during a duochrome test, which adjustment should you make?
• In the slab-off technique used to correct vertical retinal imbalance, which prism orientation is added to the more minus lens?
• An anterior center of gravity in a GP lens tends to cause which effect on lens position?
• This standard distance is often referred to as what kind of magnification?
• Fogging the patient during astigmatic testing is recommended.
• Vertical prismatic imbalance calculation requires information from how many eyes?
• What unit are the diopter values in these formulas measured in?
• If the center of gravity of a GP lens is more posterior, centration tends to be better. True or False?
• Which statement best defines Relative Spectacle Magnification?
• Which technique is NOT used to minimize rotation of soft toric contact lenses?
• Which statement correctly describes the image orientation for BIO and Direct Ophthalmoscopy?
• Using a Stenopaic slit, with the slit placed at 90 degrees the best sphere is -1.25D, when the slit is placed at 180 degrees the best sphere is -0.25D. What is the patient’s refractive error?
• Will a patient perceive the red image or the green image to be clearer if they are fogged?
• Where is the far point of a hyperope located?
• If you steepen the base curve of a rigid gas-permeable lens by 0.1 mm, how much power must be added to the lens?
• In a patient with ATR astigmatism, which meridian is steeper?
• Which telescope type has plus powered ocular and objective lens?
• Which statement accurately describes the main forms of aspheric GP lenses?
• During FCC for a pre-presbyope, you initially add six diopters of plus. After the vertical lines are darker, you apply four diopters of minus, and the horizontal and vertical lines are equally dark. What is recorded for the FCC result?
• Residual astigmatism equals refractive cylinder minus corneal cylinder. If refractive cylinder is -2.00D at 180 and corneal cylinder is -2.00D at 180, the residual astigmatism is:
• Which condition occurs only on the eye?
• In the telescope tube length equation, what do fobj and foc denote?
• In a prism, does light bend toward the apex or the base?
• In the minimum blank size equation M = ED + 2d + 2mm, which term represents decentration per lens?
• Truncation as a method for toric lenses is true because it limits rotation by what action?
• _______________ means there is a difference in the size or shape of the images seen by the left and right eyes.
• In Nott's retinoscopy, neutrality is seen at 50 cm with the target 40 cm from the patient. What is the resulting lead/lag of accommodation?
• If refractive error RE is +2 D and accommodation is +1 D, what is the near point NP in meters?
• A patient with 20/100 distance VA wants to read road signs at 20/20 acuity. What telescope magnification is needed?
• A general rule states that for every 1.00 D power difference between the two eyes, there will be approximately _____________% aniseikonia.
• Which statement describes the unit used for amplitude of accommodation in the Half Amp Method?
• Which magnification compares the ratio of the object size to the image size formed by an optical system?
• What is the Lighthouse method equation to predict ADD based on current near VA, goal near VA, and working distance?
• In myopes, when correcting with contact lenses, the induced prism tends to be in which direction?
• In a Bioptic fit spectacle-mounted telescope, is the telescope portion mounted on the upper or lower portion of the spectacle lens?
• Snellen acuity is typically considered part of which acuity category?
• Which practice is associated with inducing warpage in GP lenses?
• Which following statement is NOT true regarding night myopia?
• In a Galilean telescope, which lens is negative in power?
• Compared to lower powered fundus lenses, higher powered fundus lenses have what effect on magnification?
• Which instrument is used to reveal toric base curves on a GP lens, suggesting deformation?
• What is the main disadvantage associated with aspheric GP lenses?
• A spherical RGP lens bearing on the eye shows a horizontal dumbbell shape of bearing. This indicates which astigmatism orientation?
• ______________ compares the retinal image size in an uncorrected eye with the retinal image size in a corrected eye.
• Which term describes the closest distance that can be resolved in a corrected eye?
• This distance between the MRP to the top of the bifocal segment is known as ________________.
• During hand neutralization, will a plus lens show with motion or against motion?
• If the spectacle cylinder is not equal to 1.5 times the corneal cylinder, which GP lens type is indicated?
• Which wavelengths bend more as they enter the eye, according to chromatic aberration considerations?
• Which type of vision loss is more associated with mobility issues?
• For determining vertical prismatic imbalance, if both eyes have BU prism, do you add or subtract this prism?
• Does a GP lens with thin central thickness have greater oxygen transmission?
• Which pairing correctly matches base-curve modification with the required compensating power for GP lenses?
• Does an autorefractor tend to overminus or overplus patients?
• Which lens material has the lowest index of refraction?
• For most stand magnifiers, the object is located inside the primary focal point of the lens.
• Which statement correctly differentiates flexure and warpage?
• What is the A value on a spectacle frame?
• Back Toric GP lenses are more commonly used in patients with which type of astigmatism?
• Which term is synonymous with the Far Point?
• In the non-modified Javal's Rule formula, which component is multiplied by 1.25?
• What is the formula for predicting the total astigmatism correction at the spectacle plane using Javal's Rule (non-modified)?
• Higher modulus silicone hydrogel lenses are typically associated with which handling outcome?
• For a patient with >2.50D corneal cylinder and a spectacle cylinder equal to 1.5x the corneal cylinder, which GP lens type is recommended?
• Which line on the acuity chart is used in the material to determine legal blindness based on acuity?
• Which telescope produces an upright image?
• What is the B value on a spectacle frame?
• What is the approximate index of refraction and abbe value for Ophthalmic crown glass?
• Which design tends to be shorter and lighter?
• What is the equation for residual astigmatism?
• Eccentric viewing is more associated with which type of retinal reference, compared to fixation?
• Fundus lenses are commonly used with Slit Lamp for what purpose?
• In the duochrome test, green images are located which relative to red images?
• True statement about vertical imbalance calculations: this calculation requires information from:
• According to Kestenbaum's rule, what ADD would you expect for a distance VA of 20/200?
• During FCC, if the patient reports that the horizontal lines are darker, which lens power should be added?
• In chromatic aberration terminology, what does the variable v represent?
• Which statement about aspheric lenses is true based on their relation to spherical aberration?
• What is the magnification formula for a telescope?
• During Mohindra retinoscopy, what adjustment factor is subtracted from the sphere component?
• Which of the following is the primary curve used to minimize spherical aberration when selecting prescription base curves?
• In the FCC example, which observation indicates that the horizontal and vertical lines are equally dark?
• What is the distance between the optical center and the edge of a Franklin (Executive) bifocal used to calculate image jump?
• What is the approximate age-based ADD power for a 60-year-old?
• Two prism diopters correspond to which degree of visual field?
• Which term describes the technique used to correct vertical imbalance by adding BU prism to the more minus lens?
• Snellen acuity is classified as which type of acuity?
• Knapp's law is better for patients with axial or refractive ametropia in terms of relative spectacle magnification (RSM)?
• Shape factor x Power factor calculates the ___________________ for a thick lens.
• For plus-powered spectacles, prism is oriented in which direction?
• LARS is helpful for remembering axis adjustment for a soft toric lens from which perspective?
• MEM retinoscopy is performed under which viewing condition?
• The amount of hyperopia present in subjective refraction is called which?
• For every 0.4 mm increase in the OZD/OAD, how should the base curve be adjusted to maintain the same fit?
• Which material corresponds to n=1.586 and abbe value 30?
• The index of refraction inside the eye in the Reduced Eye model is which value?
• Which statement about chromatic aberration and Abbe value is true?
• Jackson Cross Cylinder testing is primarily used to refine which component of a refraction?
• Which lens material has the lowest Abbe value among the following?
• A person uses about what percentage of their accommodation ability comfortably?
• For a 5D myope wearing -5D contact lenses, what is the distal point?
• Which of the following best describes radial astigmatism?
• Which design is more likely to be described as moving with the eye to align reading zones?
• Handheld magnifiers, telescopes, and stand magnifiers are examples of which type of magnification?
• What is the equation for Near Point?
• The modulus of elasticity of a soft contact lens usually applies more to which material category?
• For stand magnifiers, the object-to-lens distance is fixed. Which statement describes this?
• For a hydrogel soft contact lens, Dk does what as water content increases?
• Periballasting is a technique similar to prism ballasting except it incorporates what?
• In the Lighthouse method, the working distance is expressed in which unit?
• Which of the following has the smallest retinal image size when uncorrected?
• Are contact lenses better for patients with axial or refractive ametropia in terms of RSM?
• In a 5 x 45 telescope, what does the 5 represent?
• If the interocular power difference is 2.0 D, approximately how much aniseikonia is expected according to the 1% per diopter rule?
• An aphakic patient essentially becomes which refractive state?
• ______ refers to the sudden displacement of an image at the bifocal line.
• Which group of soft contact lens material is most likely to get lens deposits?
• If frame PD is 66 mm and wearer's PD is 64 mm, what is the decentration per lens?
• In a hyperopic patient, is the proximal point closer when using glasses or contact lenses?
• What is the equation for decentration per lens?
• Which term represents the image surface when base curve is chosen to minimize aberrations?
• Which statement best reflects the commonly used approach in bitoric GP fitting today?
• Compared with spectacles, do myopes accommodate more or less with contact lenses?
• As water content increases, how does soft contact lens rigidity change?
• If the spectacle cylinder is equal to 1.5 times the corneal cylinder, which GP lens type is appropriate?
• What distance is Mohindra retinoscopy performed at?
• Which statement about a Stand magnifier is NOT true?
• Which central thickness tends to drop inferiorly on the cornea?
• Inset is the distance from the geometric center to the MRP. Which expression represents Inset?
• Which DK value threshold is recommended for extended wear contact lenses?
• Under proper correction, the distal point for both contact lenses and spectacles is Infinity. Which option best reflects this statement?
• If you know Frame PD and Near PD, which expression gives Total Inset?
• Which surface is the image surface created when a system has zero radial astigmatism?
• A higher Abbe value results in a lower amount of chromatic aberration. True or false?
• During FCC, if the patient reports that the vertical lines are darker, which lens power should be added?
• Do hyperopes converge more with spectacles or contact lenses?
• A posterior center of gravity is associated with what change in centration compared to anterior CG?
• Nott's method is a dynamic retinoscopy technique that determines what?
• Which of the following is least likely to be affected by central vision loss caused by macular disease?
• Aniseikonia due to large amounts of astigmatism is best corrected by which method?
• Pincushion distortion is most commonly associated with which sign of spectacle lens power?
• A spherical RGP lens bearing on the eye shows a vertical dumbbell shape. This indicates which astigmatism orientation?
• Is a Handheld magnifier or Stand magnifier known as a Collimating magnifier?
• Which of the following is true regarding a teacup and saucer image?
• Which bitoric fitting method is more commonly used clinically today?
• Which telescope type has minus powered ocular lens and plus powered objective lens?
• In the crown glass code 523-589, what does the second part (589) indicate?
• Flattening the base curve of a GP contact lens requires adding which type of power to compensate?
• What does the acronym ATR stand for in astigmatism terminology?
• In a patient with WTR astigmatism, which meridian is steeper?
• Which type of aberration is caused by varying magnification based on the height of incident rays above the axis and only occurs for off-axis point sources?
• In the longitudinal chromatic aberration formula CA = D/v, what does D represent?
• Which option correctly lists the four main applications of Prentice's Rule as described?
• If the index of refraction n increases while central thickness t and front surface power D1 remain constant, how does shape factor Ms change?
• Which telescope is typically shorter and lighter?
• Bioptic fit spectacle-mounted telescopes are generally more mobile than center-fit telescopes.
• Are mirrors primarily indicated for patients with nasal or temporal visual field loss?
• A patient has 2 pd BU for the distance portion of the Rx and 1 pd BU for the near portion of the OD Rx. What is the total prismatic effect of that lens?
• Which scenario yields the smallest retinal image size?
• In the Lighthouse example where 4M near VA is used to read 1M print at 25 cm, what is the measured working distance?
• What is the primary purpose of a Lens Clock?
• Which material corresponds to n=1.53 and abbe value 44?
• What does RSM stand for in spectacle magnification terminology?
• Which retinoscopy technique does NOT include accommodation?
• What is the equation for the tube length of a telescope?
• The ideal edge thickness to promote lid attachment is the edge thickness of a ________D GP lens.
• What is the equation for Stimulus to Accommodation?
• Which term describes the difference in image size or shape between the two eyes?
• Which technique does NOT measure the accuracy of the accommodative system?
• What is the approximate age-based ADD power for a 50-year-old?
• What is the ED value on a spectacle frame?
• Does the linear field of view of a handheld magnifier increase or decrease as it is brought closer to the eye?
• What term describes the offset from the geometric center to the MRP?
• The Radiuscope is primarily used to measure which parameter for contact lens fittings?
• Back toric GP lenses are commonly used for which type of corneal astigmatism?
• Which material is no longer used today and has a DK value of 0?
• How does soft contact lens rigidity change as lens thickness increases?
• Aniseikonia generally starts to become problematic when it becomes larger than __________%.
• Which of the following is NOT reduced by choosing the correct base curve?
• Does prism ballasting incorporate BD or BU prism?
• Which statement is true about comparing spectacle and contact lens power for the same refractive error?
• Which type of lens material has the highest index of refraction?
• A collimating magnifier is designed to produce light rays that are parallel when leaving the lens. Which type of magnifier is described as collimating?
• What is the term for the combination of a telescope and a reading cap?
• What is the physical center of a spectacle lens on a frame called?
• During overminused refraction, which image is perceived as clearer?
• Where is the far point of a myope located?
• Which of the following is NOT a form of Recognition acuity?
• Mohindra retinoscopy is performed under which viewing condition?
• What is the total optical power of the eye in the Reduced Eye model (in diopters)?
• In non-modified Javal's Rule, the induced astigmatism term is applied at which axis?
• Knapp's law is named after a law that relates retinal image magnification to placement of a lens at what specific location?
• If the center of the cross hairs falls to the right of the center of the bulls-eye during lensometry for the right eye, what type of prism is in the lens?
• Which surface of a typical meniscus lens is concave?
• Which spherical aberration is most likely to affect low to medium powered lenses?
• Which colors are used in the standard duochrome test for chromatic comparison?
• The soft lens diameter should be HVID plus how many millimeters?
• Which central thickness leads to better centration in GP lenses?
• Which statement describes curvature of field in this context?
• Which aberration is commonly described as producing a comet-like blur for off-axis point sources?
• Progressive lenses described as having a short corridor and/or a high add power are classified as which design?
• What is the formula for lateral chromatic aberration?
• Do minus lenses become stronger or weaker as they approach the cornea?
• Which term refers to the closest distance that can be resolved in an uncorrected eye?
• When the red image is clearer during a duochrome test, which lens adjustment should you make?
• Total prismatic effect calculation requires information from how many eyes?
• What term is used to describe adding plus power during the duochrome test when the green image is clearer?
• Which term describes the farthest distance that can be resolved in a corrected eye?
• In the United States, a patient is legally blind if they have a visual field diameter of what degrees or less in the better-seeing eye?
• What is the approximate index of refraction and abbe value for Polycarbonate (plastic)?
• In comparing hydrogel and silicone hydrogel lenses, which statement accurately describes Dk changes with increasing water content?
• Frame PD is defined as Distance PD divided by 2. Which term describes this measurement?
• Is a patient more likely to be myopic at birth or at 6 years old?
• What base curve strategy would you use for a corneal power of 48 diopters?
• What value is subtracted from the sphere power in the Mohindra calculation?
• Which material corresponds to n=1.498 and abbe value 58?
• The term Punctum Remotum refers to which optical landmark?
• Which technique involves base down prism at the bottom of a front surface toric GP lens to minimize rotation with blinking?
• Dynamic retinoscopy best describes which concept?
• In ANSI Z87.1 standards, the high velocity impact test uses which condition?
• Is a minus lenticular used in high plus or high minus GP Rxes to help promote lid attachment?
• The distance from the MRP to the center of a bifocal seg is called what?
• Effective vergence should be considered when calculating a contact lens prescription for spectacle prescriptions exceeding how many diopters?
• Which retinoscope position is commonly used clinically when the sleeve is down?
• Is a center fit or bioptic fit telescope more suitable for spotting?
• Which optical combination is used to reduce chromatic aberration by mixing materials with different dispersion properties?
• By age 20, approximately __________% of the population is myopic.
• Where is the far point of an emmetropic eye located?
• Which design yields an upright and magnified image?
• Which statement about Mohindra retinoscopy is NOT true?
• Does increasing the OZD of a CL lens increase or decrease the sag?
• When the green image is clearer during a duochrome test, which lens adjustment is appropriate?
• In the context of spectral optics, which indices are used in the reflection loss equation?
• Seg inset is the distance from the MRP to the center of a bifocal seg. Which expression is commonly used as an alias for Seg inset?
• An aphakic patient with spectacle correction typically experiences which distortion?
• In a 5 x 45 telescope, what does the 45 represent?
• Which type of magnifier requires the user to use their accommodation?
• The distance of 22.22 mm in the Reduced Eye model is associated with which concept?
• Handheld magnifiers do not require accommodation and are known as which type of magnifier?
• What is a primary example of Hyperacuity?
• In the Reduced Eye model, what is the cornea to posterior focal point distance?
• If frame PD equals wearer's PD, what is the decentration per lens?
• What is the formula for the Shape factor of a thick lens when calculating spectacle mag?
• 1 M is equivalent to which Snellen acuity at 40 cm?
• Which statement is true about the index of refraction among crown glass, CR-39, Polycarbonate, and Trivex?
• What is the approximate index of refraction and abbe value for Trivex lenses?
• Which statement about Direct Ophthalmoscopy imaging is true?
• Which material corresponds to n=1.523 and abbe value 58.9?
• Generally you should start with the steeper base curve if the corneal power is greater than how many diopters?
• Which GP design functions more like a FT 28 bifocal lens?
• Plus lenses become weaker as they move toward the eye. Which choice correctly completes this statement?
• Which of the following is NOT true?
• A Back surface RGP lens is ONLY used if the patient has a corneal cylinder greater than 2.50D and a spectacle cylinder equal to ______x the corneal cylinder.
• Compared to bioptic fit, center fit generally requires more training.
• Where is the MOST appropriate mirror location for a patient with a unilateral temporal VF defect?
• Which distortion is typically associated with minus-powered lenses?
• Which of the following is NOT an appropriate lens choice for Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC)?
• Which term refers to the farthest distance that can be resolved in an uncorrected eye?
• Under proper correction, what is the distal point for both contact lenses and spectacles?
• In FCC testing, what is the initial adjustment applied to the patient’s prescription?
• When one eye is hyperopic and the other eye is myopic, the ametropia is referred to as _____________.
• The centration of a GP lens improves as the center of gravity becomes more which direction?
• Which statement about the duochrome test is NOT true?
• The Abbe value of a lens is MOST associated with which aberration?
• When using prism for a visual field defect, should the apex or base be oriented toward the defect?
• Among uncorrected ametropes, which category yields the largest retinal image size?
• Which type of spherical aberration is caused by oblique astigmatism and is due to rays hitting the lens or interface obliquely?
• Most handheld magnifiers are labeled based on a standard working distance of how many centimeters?
• Total inset is the distance from the geometric center to the center of the seg. Which expression is commonly used to denote Total inset?
• Which statement is true regarding Knapp's law?
• What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for a patient with 20/400 visual acuity?
• In thick-lens calculations, what does D1 denote?
• What is the equation used in manual lensometry to relate target displacement to lens power?
• What is the primary purpose of a Radiuscope?
• For a silicone hydrogel soft contact lens, Dk does what as water content increases?
• Toric base curves observed on a GP lens are most indicative of which issue?
• What is the equation for minimum blank size?
• Which of the following is NOT a primary method to use a telescope for near work?
• If a patient has 3 degrees of visual field loss, approximately how many prism diopters would be prescribed?
• Which telescope produces an inverted image?
• What is the recorded residual plus value for the FCC result in the example?
• Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a high modulus silicone hydrogel soft contact lens?
• If a stand magnifier has a lateral magnification of 5 and an RDM of 2, what is the total magnification MT?
• If the base curve of an RGP contact lens equals the corneal curvature, the lacrimal lens power is what?
• According to the Half Amp Method, the theoretical add is calculated as which formula?
• How is the intermediate add power of a trifocal lens determined?
• During hand neutralization, will a minus lens show with motion or against motion?
• For a patient with >2.50D corneal cylinder and a spectacle cylinder not equal to 1.5x corneal cylinder, which GP lens type is recommended?
• What is the standard working distance used in Mohindra retinoscopy?
• Which chart is NOT used to measure contrast sensitivity?
• Which aberration is considered the most problematic type of aberration in ophthalmic lenses seen clinically today?
• The distance from the geometric center to the center of the seg is called what?
• Snellen acuity primarily tests which type of spatial frequencies?
• In the lateral chromatic aberration formula CA = (dD)/v, what does the variable d denote?
• Which surface of a typical meniscus lens is convex?
• The distance from the geometric center to the MRP is called what?
• A patient's keratometry readings are 43.00D @180 and 45.00D @090 with subjective refraction plano -2.00 x 180. What is their Residual astigmatism?
• What is the formula for predicting the total astigmatism correction at the spectacle plane using modified Javal's Rule (non-modified)?
• Barrel distortion is most commonly associated with which sign of spectacle lens power?
• What is the size of the exit pupil for a 5x45 telescope?
• What is the lacrimal lens power of a -4.00 D spherical soft contact lens?
• The far point for a myopic eye is caused by what type of object?
• As the modulus of elasticity increases, soft contact lens rigidity does what?
• What is the equation for the maximum magnification of a stand magnifier?
• Which fundus lens has an approximate magnification of 1x when used with Slit Lamp?
• Approximately how many prism diopters correspond to one degree of visual field when prescribing prism for patients with visual field defects?
• In the Reduced Eye model, what is the index of refraction inside the eye?
• Do myopes converge more with spectacles or contact lenses?
• Which term is defined as Frame PD minus Near PD/2?
• Among uncorrected ametropes, which category yields the smallest retinal image size?
• Which of the following is an example of Resolution acuity?
• Which aberration is also known as 'Power Error'?
• Varying image location is more associated with which type of chromatic aberration?
• For minus-powered spectacles, prism is oriented in which direction?
• Which statement best describes the role of the VA ratio in the Lighthouse ADD calculation?
• Which has a larger retinal image size when corrected with spectacles: a spectacle corrected hyperope or a spectacle corrected myope?
• For a patient with <2.50D corneal cylinder and <0.75D residual astigmatism, which GP lens type should be used?
• The distance of 16.67 mm in the Reduced Eye model is associated with which optical law?
• Which distance is associated with Knapp's law for achieving a retinal size magnification of 1?
• For vertical prismatic imbalance when BU prism is present in both eyes, what operation is used to combine prisms for calculation?
• Chromatic aberration is primarily influenced by which property of lens material?
• Ac stands for what in Javal's Rule equations?
• Teller acuity is an example of which acuity category?
• Knapp's law is applied primarily for axial ametropes and states that a lens placed at the primary focal point will produce a retinal size magnification of what value?
• In the Lighthouse rule example, a near BCVA of 4M and a goal of reading 1M print at 25 cm yields which ADD?
• Which term is synonymous with the Near Point?
• Which factor is most relevant to estimating the lacrimal lens contribution when selecting a rigid lens?
• In retinoscopy, neutrality is achieved when the reflex shows what movement?
• Which type of spherical aberration is based on the principle that marginal rays focus to a different location compared to paraxial rays and occurs for both on- and off-axis point sources?
• The far point for a hyperopic eye is caused by what type of object?
• In Dynamic stabilization, are the inferior and superior portions of the lens made thinner or thicker?
• Vernier acuity is an example of which type of acuity?
• Which distortion is typically associated with plus-powered lenses?
• Angular magnification is primarily provided by which category of optical devices?
• Residual astigmatism is the amount of astigmatism that is not corrected by a GP contact lens.
• Which design has a longer tube length?
• For a handheld magnifier, where is the object typically located?
• __________ is considered the usable area of optics in the contact lens.
• In FCC testing, how many minus adjustments are performed after the initial plus adjustment in the example?
• If the OAD/OZD increases by 0.8 mm, by how many diopters should the base curve be flattened to maintain the same fit?
• In the power factor formula MP = 1/(1 - hDv), what does h represent?
• What is the main way to reduce Radial Spherical Aberration?
• Which lens provides greater field of view with Slit Lamp, +90D or +78D?
• Which acuity test is NOT considered a matching acuity test when using a lap card the patient can point to?
• A plus lenticular is used with GP prescriptions to decrease edge thickness in which scenario?
• Higher powered fundus lenses have what effect on field of view?
• The maximum magnification formula for a stand magnifier uses F as the dioptric power. What is F in this context?
• A stand magnifier produces which type of image?
• If radiuscope shows toric base curves on a GP lens, this is more indicative of warpage or flexure?
• Does lateral chromatic aberration increase or decrease as you move toward the periphery of a lens?
• Which material has the lowest abbe value among Ophthalmic crown glass, CR-39, Polycarbonate, and Trivex?
• Which type of magnifier is designed to reduce accommodation by presenting a beam effectively at infinity?
• Which of the following is NOT a way to lower the bifocal seg height of spectacles?
• Dissimilar segs can be used to correct vertical imbalance. Which statement best reflects this?
• Relative Spectacle Magnification compares the retinal image of a corrected eye with the retinal image of which eye?
• Which statement is NOT true when comparing BIO to Direct Ophthalmoscopy?
• Which of the following is NOT created by a stand magnifier?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of aspheric GP contact lenses?
• For a 5D hyperope wearing -5D contact lenses, what is the distal point?
• Which term refers to hyperopia that cannot be overcome by accommodation?
• Which technique known to limit soft toric lens rotation sits on the lower eyelid?
• Which of the following is NOT a properly matched marking according to ANSI standards for protective eyewear?
• Do central or marginal rays bend more?
• Which lens material simultaneously has the lowest Abbe value and high chromatic aberration risk?
• Do plus lenses effectively become weaker or stronger as they approach the cornea?
• Which is a commonly claimed advantage of bioptic fit over center fit?
• Is the Abbe value more closely associated with monochromatic or chromatic aberrations?
• What is the formula for the Power factor of a thick lens when calculating spectacle mag?
• Which component is used with a telescope to enable near tasks and is worn on the head?
• Which of the following is NOT used to correct for vertical imbalance of prism?
• Which statement is NOT true when comparing Galilean to Keplerian?
• A radiuscope is more beneficial for determining which GP lens issue?
• Which lens provides greater magnification with Slit Lamp, +90D or +78D?
• Steepening the base curve of a GP contact lens requires adding which type of power to compensate?
• Which term describes the prism effect that occurs in only one eye?
• Which lens material is most prone to chromatic aberration?
• The high mass impact test in ANSI Z87.1 includes which of the following?
• Which aberration occurs for off-axis point sources specifically?
• Which hard lens material is associated with the best wettability, fewer deposits, and less flexure?
• A 50-year-old patient requires a +1.50 ADD. NRA/PRA at working distance yields NRA +1.75 and PRA -0.25. What is the new tentative add?
• LARS axis adjustment is based on which clock hour?
• Which type of lens typically has more plus power for the same refractive error: spectacle lenses or contact lenses?
• Which hard lens material is described as having the best wettability, the least deposits, and the least flexure?
• Which property is used to quantify the stiffness of a soft contact lens material?
• Which test utilizes chromatic aberration to verify the final sphere component of a refraction?
• Which statement about the Astigmatic dial is NOT true?
• Does chromatic aberration increase or decrease as the power of the lens increases?
• For Keratometry, the cornea acts as which type of mirror?
• In the FCC example, which observation prompts the transition from plus to minus adjustments?
• Which type of spherical aberration is characterized by a 'teacup and saucer' image due to the asymmetric tangential and sagittal foci?
• Which dynamic retinoscopy technique determines accommodative accuracy by finding the distance at which neutrality is achieved?
• What does the ED value stand for in lens sizing?
• According to the longitudinal chromatic aberration formula, what happens to CA if Abbe value v is increased while keeping D constant?
• A patient requires a +6.00 sph. Rx for reading glasses. How much BI prism per eye would you give to help convergence?
• A + DBL for a frame is equivalent to which measurement?
• Longitudinal chromatic aberration is most closely related to which lens property?
• Which statement is NOT true regarding a GP lens with a thin central thickness?
• Which of the following decreases spectacle magnification in a plus lens?
• Which retinoscopy technique is performed with the patient at near fixation and is commonly used to estimate refractive error without cycloplegia?
• The first part of the crown glass code 523-589 indicates the refractive index. Which value represents that part?
• Edge fluting is a feature most commonly discussed in relation to which contact lens category?
• What is the equation for converting a contact lens base curve in diopters to a radius of curvature in millimeters?
• A Keratometer measures the central ______ mm of the cornea.
• Which modality provides a larger field of view and a real inverted image?
• Do we primarily use the Wollaston or Oswalt curve when trying to utilize the best base curve to minimize spherical aberration?
• The hyperopia that cannot be overcome with accommodation is known as which?
• Which type of Spherical aberration occurs when the Petzval surface does not correspond to the far point sphere of the eye?
• Generally for a soft contact lens you should start with the flatter base curve if the corneal power is less than how many diopters?
• For large differences in retinal size magnification (RSM), what is a reasonable single prescription adjustment for the eye with the highest magnification?
• For the same magnification, which telescope is typically longer?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of dynamic stabilization in GP lenses?
• If an RGP lens is fitted flatter than the cornea, the lacrimal lens power is which sign?
• If a patient has 0.5 degree of visual field loss, how many prism diopters would that correspond to?
• Compared with spectacles, do hyperopes accommodate more or less with contact lenses?
• Which of the following has the largest retinal image size when uncorrected?
• The primary focal point distance described in Knapp's law is approximately which value in millimeters?
• What Snellen acuity is represented by 1 M at 1 meter?
• For a FT 35 bifocal, the distance between the optical center and the edge used to calculate image jump is?
• What is the equation for the total magnification of a Handheld magnifier?
• In the manual lensometry equation x = f^2 Fv, what does Fv represent?
• Which statement best describes hydrogel lens Dk for high water content?
• What is the equation for calculating the amount of light that gets lost via reflection for a spectacle lens?
• For every 0.1 mm change in the base curve of the GP contact lens, the total power changes by approximately how many diopters?
• What does the acronym WTR stand for in astigmatism terminology?
• Which statement about meridians in astigmatism is correct?
• Which statement about longitudinal spherical aberration is NOT true?
• Which of the following is NOT included in a high mass impact test according to ANSI Z87.1?
• What is the main cause of GP lens warpage?
• What is the primary purpose of a reverse telescope?
• Which of the following is NOT a way to raise the bifocal seg height of spectacles?
• The Landolt C chart is used to assess which category of acuity?
• If the near point distance is 0.25 meters, what is the near dioptric demand?
• Flexure can help minimize residual astigmatism in patients with which corneal astigmatism?
• Which of the following is an application of Prentice's Rule?
• Which statement accurately describes the basic relationship between prism diopters and degrees of visual field used in the material?
• Which statement about minimizing chromatic aberrations in lenses with a low Abbe value is NOT correct?
• Which of the following is also called 'Near retinoscopy'?
• In the thick-lens shape factor equation Ms = 1/(1 - (t/n)D1), what does t represent?